KRIMINALITAS DAN KEJAHATAN

-->

A.    Kriminalitas

Kriminalitas adalah suatu bentuk pelanggaran terhadap norma hukum, khususnya yang menyangkut pidana dan perdata yang pada dasarnya merupakan tindakan yang merugikan orang lain.

Read More

AKHIR MASA KANAK-KANAK

Akhir masa kanak-kanak ( late childhood ) berlangsung dari usia enam tahun sampai tiba saatnya individu menjadi matang secara seksual. Permulaan masa akhir kanak-kanak ditandai masuknya anak ke kelas satu, bagi sebagian besar anak, hal I ini merupakan perubahan besar dalam pola kehidupan anak, juga bagai anak-anak yang telah mengalami situasi pra sekolah selama setahun.

Selama setahun atau dua tahun terakhir dari masa kanak-kanak terjadi perubahan fisik yang menonjol dan hal ini juga dapat mengakibatkan perubahan dalam sikap, nilai dan perilaku dengan berakhirnya periode ini dan anak mempersiapkan diri, secara fisik dan psikologis, untuk memasuki masa remaja.

Ciri akhir masa kanak-kanak

Orang tua, pendidik, dan ahli psikologis memberikan berbagai lebel kepada perioode ini.

Lebel yang digunakan oleh orang tua bagi sebagian orang tua masa kanak-kanak merupakan usia yang menyulitkan- sesuatu masa dimana anak tidak mau menuruti perintah dan diman lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh teman-teman sebaya dari pada orang tua dan anggota keluarga lain.

Dalam keluarga yang terdiri dari anak laki-laki dan perempuan, sudah jamak bila anak laki-laki mengejek saudara perempuannya –kalau anak perempuan membalas terjadinya pertengkaran dalam bentuk maki-makian atau serangan fisik.

Lebel yang digunakan oleh para pendidik para pendidik melabelkan masa kanak-kanak dengan usia sekolah dasar. Para pendidik juga memandang preode inisebagai periode kritis dalam dorongan berprestasi suatu masa dimana anak-membentuk kebiasaan untuk mencapai sukses, tidak sukses, atau sangat sukses. Sekali terbentuk kebiasaan untuk bekerja dibawah, diatas atau sesuai dengan kemampuan cenderung menetap sampai dewasa.

Label yang digunakan ahli psikologi bagi ahli psikologi, akhir masa kanak-kanak adalah usia berkelompok – suatu masa dimana perhatian utama anak tertuju pada keinginan diterima oleh teman-teman sebaya sebagai anggota kelompok, terutama kelompok yang bergengsi dalam pandangan teman-temanya.

Ahli psikologi menemukan masa akhir kanak-kanak dengan usia kreatif suatu masa dalam rentang kehidupan dimana akan ditentukan apakah anak-anak akan menjadi konformis atau pencipta karya yang baru dan original.

Tugas perkembangan akhir masa kanak-kanak

Untuk memperoleh tempat didalam kelompok sosial, anak yang paling besar harus menyelesaikan berbagai tugas dalam perkembangan, kegagalan didalam pelaksanaan akan mengakibatkan pola prilaku yang tidak matang, tidak mampu menyamai teman-teman sebaya yang sudah menguasai tugas-tugas perkembangan tersebut. Misalnya, pengembangan pelbagai keterampilan dasar seperti membaca , menulis, berhitung, dan perkembangan sikap-sikap terhadap kelompok sosial dalam lembaga-lembaga merupakan tanggung jawab guru dan juga orang tua.

Perkembangan fisik pada akhir masa kanak-kanak

Akhir masa kanak-kanak merupakan periode pertumbuhan yang lambat dan relative seragam sampai mulai terjadinya perubahan-perubahan pubertas, kira-kira dua tahun sebelum anak secara seksual menjadi matang pada saat mana pertumbuhan berkembang pesat.

Kesehatan dan gizi yang baik merupakan factor penting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Semakin baik kesehatan dan dan gizi, anak cenderung semakin besar dari usia ke usia dibandingkan dengan anak yang kesehatan dan gizi nya kurang.

Ketegangan emosional juga mempengaruhi pertumbuhan fisik, anak yang tenang lebih cepat dari pada anak yang mengalami gangguan emosiaonal, meskipun gangguan emosional lebih banyak mempengaruhi berat dari pada tinggi.

Keterampilan awal masa kanak-kanak

Ketrampilan yang dipelajari sebagian tergantung pada lingkungan, sebagian pada kesempatan untuk belajar sebagian pada bentuk tubuh dan sebagian bergantung pada apa yang sedang digemari oleh teman-teman sebayanya.

Kategori ketrampilan yang akhir masa kanak-kanak

Keterampilan masa kanak-kanak dapat dibagi kedalam empat kategori: ketrampilan menolong diri sendiri, keterampilan menolong orang lain, keterampilan sekolah dan keterampilan bermain. Tetapi, penting diperhatikan bahwa keterampilan masa akhir kanak-kanak mempengaruhi sosialisasi anak secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.

• Pilihan penggunaan tangan

pada saat anak-anak mencapai akhir masa kanak-kanak, kebanyakan anak memakai tangan kidal yang lebih dominan atau tangan kanan yang lebih dominan, sehingga mengubah pilihan penggunaan tangan tidak mudah dilakukan.

Karena banyaknya kesulitan yang dihadapi dalam mengubah pilihan penggunaan tangan, makia sekali ketrampilan telah dikuasai, sangat sedikt anak-anak kidal yang mau mengubah penggunaan tangan kanan pada awal periode kanak-kanak.

• Kemajuan berbicara

Dengan meluasnya cakrawala sosial anak-anak , anak menemukan bahwa pembicara merupakan sangat penting untu memperoleh tempat di dalam kelompok. Anak juga mendapatkan bahwa bentuk-bentuk komunikasi yang sederhana seperti menangis dan gerak isyarat, secara sosial tidak diteriam.

Bidang-bidang yang mengalami kemajuan

Meskipun semua anak disekolah diberi kesempatan yang sama untuk memperbaiki pembicaraan, jiga terdapat perbedaan dalam banyak kemajuan yang dicapai dalam berbagai tugas yang tercakup dalam belajar berbicara. Analisis terhadap tugas-tugas ini menjukan timbulnya kemajuan.

• Penambahan kosakata

Penambahan kosa kata umum terjadi secara tidak teraturdari pelbagai pelajaran disekolah, bacaan, pembicaraan dengan anak-anak lain dan usahanya melaui radio dan televise. Disamping mempelajari kata-kata yang baru dalam kosakata umum”anak menambah kosakata khusus” kosa kata yang terdiri dari kata-kata dengan arti khusus dengan penggunaan yang terbatas.

Pengucapan- kesalahan dalam mengucapkan kata-kata lebih sedikit pada usia inidari pada sebelumnya.

Pembentukan dalam kalimat- Anak dalam usia enam tahun harus sudah menguasai hamper semua jenis struktur kalimat.

• Kemajuan dalam pengertian

Peningkatan dalam pengertian juga dibantu oleh pelatihan kosentrasi disekolah. Anak segera mengetahui bahwa ia harus menaruh perhatian terhadap setiap kejadian dikelas-apa yang disampaikan oleh guru dan teman-temanya. Mungkin bantuan yang paling untuk meningkatkan pengertian adalah pelatihan yang biasanya terjadi dari pembicaraan egosentris ke pembicaraa sosial.

• Isi pembicaraan

Saat anak mengalihkan pembicaraan egosentris kepada pembicara an yang bersifat sosial tidak sepenuhnya bergantung pada usia, bila anak bersama dengan orang dewasa, banyak orang dewasa mendorong pembicaraan egosentris pada anak-anak, sedangkan teman-temannya selain tidak mendorong juga tidak menghiraukan anak yang berbicara tentang dirinya sendiri.Ttapi bila anak bersama orang dewasa, biasanya orang dewasa menentukan pokok pembicaraan.

• Banyak bicara

Tahap mengobrol, yang merupakan ciri masa kanak-kana, berangsur-angsur digantikan pembicaraan yang lebih dikendalikan dan lebih terseleksi. Dengan berjalanya periode akhir masa kanak-kanak, banya pembicara makin lama makin berkurang. Secara normal, menjelang berakhir masa kanak-kanak, anak-anak semakin sedikit berbicara , ini bukan disebabkan anak takut dikritik atau dicemooh melinkan sebagian dari sindrom menerik diri merupakan cirri dari masa puber.Tidak semua emosi pada usia ini menyenangkan, banyak ledakan amarah terjadi dan anak menderita kekhwatiran dan perasaan kecewa.

Pola emosi yang umum pada masa kanak-kanak

Pola emosi yang umum pada masa akhir masa kanak-kanak sama dengan pola pada awal kanak-kanak. Pola emosi awal kanak-kanak dalam dua hal. Pertama, jenis situasi yang membangkitkan emosi , dan kedua bentuk ungkapan, perbuatan tersebut lebih merupakan akibat dari meluasnya pengalaman dan belajar dari pada proses pematangan diri. Sebagai mana juga terdapat pada anak-anak yang lebih muda, ada sejumlah perbedaan emosi pada anak-anak yang lebih besar dan dalam cara mereka dalam mengungkapkan emosi.

Periode meningginya emosi

Periode meningginya emosi menjadi preode ketidak seimbangan, yaitu dimana anak menjadi sulit di hadapi. Meningginya emosi pada akhir masa kanak-kanak dapat disebabkan karena keadaan fisik atau lingkungan. Kalau anak sakit atau lelah, ia cendrung cepat marah, rewel, dan umumnya sulit dihadapi.

Pemulaan katarsis emosional

Keadaan emosi yang tidak tersalurkan tidak menyenangkan bagi anak, seringkali anak dengancara coba-coba meredakan keadaan ini dengan sibuk bermain, dengan tertawa terbahak-bahak atau bahkan dengan menagis. Sekali cara meredakan emosi yang tidak tersalurkan ini di temukan, yang disebut katarsis emosional maka akan timbul bagi anak untuk mengatasi ungkapan emosional agar sesuai dengan harapan sosial.

Pengelompokan sosial dan perilaku sosial pada masa akhir kanak-kanak

Akhir masa kanak-kanak sering disebut “usia kelompok” karena ditandai dengan adanya minat terhadap aktivitas teman-teman nya dan meningkatnya keinginnan yang kuat untuk ditrima sebagai anggota suatu kelompok dan merasa tidak puas bila tidak bersama teman-temannya.

Ciri geng anak-anak

Geng anak-anak berbeda dari geng remaja dalam banyak hal, empat diantaranya sangat penting dan sangat umum. Tujuan utama geng anak-anak adalah memperoleh kesenangan ; geng mereka terutama dalah kelompok bermain . sedangkan geng remaja bertujuan untuk menimbulkan kesulitan bagi orang lain sebagai pembalasan terhadap kelalaian kelompoksosial yang benar-benar ada atau yang dikhayalkan.

Efek dari keanggotaan kelompok

Proses sosialisasi anak-anak dengan menjadi anggota geng . hal ini terutama disebabkan penyesuaian diri dengan pola prilaku, nilai-nilai dan sikap anggota-anggota kelompok, menjadi anggota geng seringkali menimbulkan pertentangan dengan orang tua dan penolakan terhadap setandar orang tua, permusuhan antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan semakin meluas, kecendruangan anak yang lebih tua untuk mengembangkan prasangka terhadap anak yang berbeda, mereka seringkali bersikap kejam kepada anak-anak yang tidak dianggap sebagai anggota geng.

Peran pada akhir kanak-kanak

Seperti halnya pada awal masa kanak-kanak, teman pada masa akhir masa kanak-kanak, terdiri dari rekan, teman bermain dan teman baik. Untuk memenuhu kebutuhan sosialnya, teman harus berperan sebagai teman bermain atau teman baik.

Banyak factor yang menentukan pemilihan teman, biasanya yang dipilih adalah yang dianggap serupa dengan dirinya sendiri dan memenuhi kebutuhan. Karena daya tarik fisik mempengaruhi kesan pertama, anak cendrung memilih mereka yang berpenampilan menarik menjadi teman bermain atau teman baik.

Perlakuan teman perlakuan yang kurang baik tidak hanya ditujukan kepada anak yang bukan anggota kelompok, banyak pertengkaran kemudian berakhir dan persahabatan terjalin kembali tetapi ada juga yang tidak terselesaikan.

Setatus sosiometris yaitu setatus yang mereka senangi pada kelompok sosial, tetapi juga status sosiometris dari teman-teman sebaya mereka. Anak-anak juga mengerti bagaimana penilaian teman-teman terhadap dirinya, meskipun ada kecendrungan untuk membesar-besarkan penerimaan sosial dan memperkecil penolakan sosial. Urutan posisi anak di dalam keluarga juga mempengaruhi penampilan sosial, dilaporkan bahwa anak yang lahir dulu cendrung di terima oleh kelompok sebaya dari pada anak sulung.

Pemimpin pada masa akhir kanak-kanak

Anak yang dipilih oleh teman-temanya untuk berperan sebagai pemimpin, ia tidak hanya disukai oleh sebagian besar anggota klompok, tetapi juga memiliki ciri yang dikagumi, bila peran pemimpin tidak memenuhi kebutuhan anak atau kebutuhan anggota maka terjadi pergantian anggota, sedangkan pemimpin yang tetap memungkinkan anak memelajari tehnik kepemimpinan dan menjadi yakin akan kemampuan untuk melaksanakan peran ini dengan memuaskan.

Minat dan kegiatan bermain pada akhir masa kanak-kanak

Karena anak sudah sekolah dan mempunyai pekerjaan rumah, waktu bermain lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan ketika ia berada dalam tahun-tahun prasekolah. Namun didalam kebudayaan Amerika saat ini, bermain dianggap sangat penting untuk perkembangan fisik dan psikologis sehingga semua anak diberi waktu dan kesempatan untuk bermain dan juga didorong untuk bermain tanpa mempedulikan setatus sosial ekonomi keluarga mereka.

Perubahan-perubahan kepribadian

Dengan meluasnya cakrawala sosial pada saat anak masuk sekolah, banyak faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadiannya. Perubahan ini tidak hanya terjadi ada konsep diri, tetapi juga pada sifat-sifat orang lain yang di nilai dan di kagumi dan juga perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pada sifat anak itu sendiri.

Konsep diri ideal

Menjelang berakhirnya masa kanak-kanak, anak mulai mengagumi tokoh-tokoh dalam sejarah, cerita khayal, kemudian anak membentuk konsep diri yang ideal seperti tokoh yang diinginkannya.

Mencari Identitas

Anak-anak pada umumnya memasuki periode akhir masa kanak-kanak dan berminat dalam keanggotaan kelompok, mereka sangat ingin menyesuaikan mulai dari gaya berbicara sampai dengan standar penampilan yang di tetapkan kelompok tersebut. Karena mereka takut kehilangan dukungan dari anggota kelompok, mereka berusaha meniru namun kadang-kadang berlebihan.

Kebahagiaan pada masa akhir kanak-kanak

Akhir masa kanak-kanak dapat dan harus merupakan periode bahgaia dalam rentang kehidupan. Meskipun periode ini bukan masa yang sepenuhnya gembira karena anak di harapkan memikul tambahan tanggung jawab di sekolah dan tambahan di rumah, keberhasilan dalam melaksanakan tanggung jawab ini, terlebih yang dianggap penting oleh orang-orang akan menambah kebahagiaan.

Anak memiliki kesempatan yang luas untuk bermain dan untuk memperoleh alat bermain yang dibutuhkan seperti teman-teman sebayanya, kecuali kalau timbul kondisi yang luar biasa.

Anak yang berbahagia pada akhir masa kanak-kanak belum tentu merasa bahagia pada tahap-tahap selanjutnya, tetapi kondisi-kondisi yang menimbulkan kebahagiaan dalam periode ini juga akan menimbulkan kebahagiaan pada periode berikutnya.

Sekalipun kebahagiaan yang dialami pda periode ini tidak emnjamin kebahagiaan seumur hidup, tetapi kondisi-kondisi yang menimbulkan kebahagiaann akan terus memberikan kebahagiaan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, terutama bila tiga faktor kebahagiaan terpenuhi, yaitu penerimaan/dukungan, kasih sayang, dan prestasi.

Read More

PROCEDURE TEXT

Crab Soup

Ingredients:     2 litres of fish stock, 2 medium-sized crabs, 100 gram ginger, 50 gram scallions, 50 gram Indonesian parsley, salt, pepper to taste.

Direction:

• Make fish stock by boiling fish bones in 8 cups of water
• Remove these bones after a few minutes.
• Wash crabs, split into several parts
• Cut ginger into very thin slices
• Cut scallions and Indonesian parsley
• Reheat stock for about 5 minutes, put everything into the stock
• Add salt and pepper to taste

Baby corn soup

Ingredients:     5-6 ears of baby corn, 5 spoons of milk, 1 spoon of butter, 1 spoon of flour, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Boil baby corn and let it cool
• Grind/powder corn with a blender
• Heat butter, put flour after it melts, mix evenly
• Put in powdered corn with salt, pepper, and milk
• Let it sit for five minutes in medium heat

Soto Madura

Ingredients:     500 gr beef or internals, 100 gr bean sprouts, 80 gr rice noodles, 60 gr Indonesian parsley, 60 gr scallions, 60 gr ginger, 1 lime, salt and pepper.

Directions:

• Boil meat until done. Drain and cut into bite-sized slices.
• Remove the tails of bean sprouts, boil until half done
• Boil rice noodles separately
• Keep these in separate plates
• Cut Indonesian parsley and scallions
• Grind shallots, and brown it for a little bit
• Skin and cut ginger
• Make beef stock using beef bones boiled in water for about an hour. Remove bones, and put in salt, pepper, ginger, and shallots.
• Serve the soto by putting the beef, bean sprouts, noodles into a bowl. Pour soup into it.
• Sprinkle with Indonesian parsley and scallions.

Gado gado

Ingredients:     Lettuces, A small bunch of long beans, Young cabbage, 1 cucumber, Tofu, 100 gr soyabean cake, 2 eggs, 5 pieces of red chili pepper, 5 pieces of small chili pepper (jalapeno or scotch bonnet), 3 pieces of shallots, 100 gr. peanuts, lemon, brown sugar, and salt.

Direction:

• Fry an egg and soyabean cake
• Cut into small pieces
• Boil one egg and slice it
• Boil young cabbage, long beans, and slice them
• Peanut sauce:
• Fry peanuts
• Slice shallots, and brown with chili peppers
• Mix and grind all these with brown sugar, lemon, salt and pepper, and boil with a little bit of water. (Use this sauce with satay as well)

Sweet and sour shrimps

Ingredients:     1/2 lb of medium sized shrimps, 5 pieces of garlic, 3 oz. flour, 1 piece of egg, 2 spoons of tomato sauce, 1 lime, 1/2 spoon of sugar, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Clean the shrimps, remove the heads, keep the tails
• Clean garlic, and slice thinly. Sprinkle over the shrimps.
• Make a mix of the flour, egg, with enough water, salt, and pepper.
• Heat oil on a pan.
• One by one, put the shrimps into the pan by first dipping it in the mix above. Fry until golden.
• Put on a plate, pour tomato sauce over them.
• Tomato sauce: Heat tomato sauce, add sugar, and lime juice

Opor Solo

Ingredients:     1 chicken, 4 cups of coconut milk, 6 pieces of shallots, 3 pieces of garlic, 120 gram candle nut, 10 gram corriander, 5 gram jintan, 3 helai bay leaves, 1 batang daun sereh, 100 gr lengjuas, salt and pepper.

Destination:

• Cut chicken into pieces
• Grind shallots, garlic, candle nut, corriander, and jintan
• Brown for a little bit.
• Boil chicken with 2 cups of coconut milk, put in sereh and galanga.
• When chicken is about done, put in more coconut milk along with the spice mix above. Add salt and pepper to taste

Perkedel

Ingredients:     1 chicken, 250 gr of bread flour, 40 gr of sagu, 80 gr of onion, 8 pieces of shallots, 1 egg, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Remove bones from the chicken, cut very thinly
• Cut onion into very small pieces
• Grind shallots
• Evenly mix all the above with bread flour
• Add salt and pepper
• Make mix into small discs about 2-2.5 inch in diameter
• Heat oil on a pan
• Put each disc and fry until dark golden

Beef Semur

Ingredients:     1 lb beef, 6 pieces candle nut, 5 cm of ginger, 5 pieces of shallots, 3 pieces of garlic, salt, pepper, soy sauce.

Direction:

• Slice beef thinly
• Peel shallots and garlic, slice thinly
• Slice ginger and grind candle nut
• Brown shallots, garlic, ginger, and candle nut
• Put in beef and mix them evenly
• Add salt and pepper
• Add 2-3 cups of water so beef will cook evenly

Rendang

Ingredients:     2 lb of beef, 20 pieces of shallots, 10 pieces of garlic, 150 gram red chili pepper, 50 gram ginger, 10 pieces of clove leaves, 60 gr kunyit, 300 gr candle nut, 5 helai salam, 8 cups of thick coconut milk, 8 cups of thin coconut milk.

Direction:

• Cut beef into several-bite sized pieces, and boil until half done
• Skin shallots, garlic, and mix with chili, ...
• Brown this spice mix for a few minutes
• Boil beef and this spice mix in the thin coconut milk
• Put in daun
• Boil until dry
• Add thick coconut milk, boil until coconut milk dries while mixing it occassionally

Sambal Goreng Petai

Ingredients:     7 eggs, 4 strings of "petai", 3 cups thick coconut milk, 250 gr ground beef, 4 pieces garlic, 6 pieces of shallots, 6 piece of red chili peppers, 20 gr javanese lemon, 1 tea spoon sugar, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Remove the yoke of the eggs (use just the whites) Skin petai
• Slice shallots, brown a little bit.
• Mix ground beef with 2 egg whites, mix with sald, pepper to taste.
• Form small balls.
• Let the javanese lemon sit in a cup of water The rest of the egg whites put in a place holder, and steam cook
• Cut into cube sized pieces
• Grind chili, garlic, and add sugar
• Heat pan with a little cooking oil, add shallots and the garlic mix above, followed by the petai a few minutes later.
• Put in the javanese-lemon water, followed by the ground beef balls, add salt and pepper.
• Let simmer for a while, then add the rest of the coconut milk and the egg-white cubes.
• et simmer for another 3 minute.

Clam Satay

Ingredients:     1 lb of clams, 5 shallots, 2 spoons of sweet soy sauce, 1 lime, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Boil clams. After they are done, let it cool.
• Take the meat out.
• Slice shallots
• Mix shallots, soy sauce, and lime juice with the clams
• Add salt and pepper to taste
• Put clams in skewers, barbecue for a little bit

Beef Satay

Ingredients:     300 gr beef, 5 shallots, 2 spoons of sweet soy sauce, 1 spoon of vegetable oil, 1 lime, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Slice beef into bite sized pieces, slice shallots
• Mix everything evenly
• Put beef in skewers
• Barbecue in medium heat until desired level (medium rare recommended).

Bali Satay

Ingredients:     350 gr beef, 1/2 coconut, 3 pieces of garlic, 4 pieces of red chili peppers, 1 spoon brown sugar, 10 gram corriander, 10 gram kencur, 1 lime, galanga, 1 teaspoon shrimp paste, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Shred beef, shred coconut
• Slice garlic and brown it.
• Heat shrimp paste a little bit
• Get lime juice
• Mix garlic, chili pepper, brown sugar, corriander, kencur, galanga, shrimp paste with a blender
• Mix evenly with beef and coconut and the spice mix above add salt, pepper, and orange juice
• Form thumb-sized pieces from this mix, and stick each on a skewer
• Barbecue until done

Sambal Goreng Ati Ampela

Ingredients:     4 pairs of chicken's livers and gizzards, 5 pieces of shallots, 3 pieces of garlic, 5 pieces of red chili peppers, 4 cm lengkusa, 10 gr shrimp paste, 1 cup of coconut milk, 1 board of petai, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Cut liver and gizzards into bite sized pieces
• Skin shallots and garlic.
• Brown shrimp paste
• Grind finely shallots, garlic, red chili peppers, shrimp paste
• Brown these spices and galanga, mix them evenly
• Add liver and gizzard pieces, and salt and pepper to taste
• Mix evenly and add coconut milk, let it simmer for 3 minutes.

Green Beans

Ingredients:     300 gr greenbeans, 150 gr shrimps, 2 blocks of tofu, 1 board of petai, 6 pieces of red chili peppers, 5 pieces of small chili peppers (jalapeno or scotch bonnets), 5 pieces of shallots, 1 piece of chicken gizzard, 1 piece of chicken liver, 1 piece of galanga, salt and pepper.

Direction:

• Cut beans into slices of about thumb length
• Clean theshrimps, cut their heads, boil for a few minutes
• Slice petai thinly
• Grind pepper and shallots
• Slice liver and gizzard
• Slice tofu into cubes, and fry them
• Heat pan with cooking oil
• Put in the ground spices above,
• Add shrimps, fried tofu, galanga, petai - mix evenly
• Add also green beans, chili peppers, gizzards, livers
• Mix them well, and add salt and pepper
• Cook until green beans is about 2/3 done so it is still a bit crunchy (al dente)

Pandan Cake

Ingredients:     8 egg yokes, 6 egg whites, 175 gr sugar, 180 gr flour, 3/4 cup thick coconut milk, 1/4 tea spoon of salt, 3 spoon suji extract, green food coloring.

Direction:

• Boil coconut milk, salt, suji extract in low heat
• Beat egg yokes and egg whites and sugar
• Add food coloring
• Slowly add the coooked coconut milk, mixing it evenly.
• Butter the cake pan, put the mix inside
• Bake until done

Klepon Cake

Ingredients:     300 gr sticky rice flour, 30 gr sagu, 8-10 suji leaves, 150 gr brown sugar, 300 gr coconut.

Direction:

• Grind suji finely, mix water. Shred coconut
• Mix flours, add suji and a little water.
• Form balls, put brown sugar inside
• Boil until done
• Sprinkle with shred coconut

Risoles

Ingredients:     250 gr flour, 70 gr butter, 1 egg, 2 pieces of chicken legs, 100 gr carrot, 50 gr scallions, 4 pieces of shallots, 2 pieces of garlic, 15cc sweet soy-sauce, 200 gr bread crumbs, salt.

Direction:

• Mix 1/2 of the egg with flour and butter
• Form thin layer of squares - for wrappers
• Remove the bones from the chicken legs, cut into small pieces
• Skin carrots, boil until half done, and cut into
• tiny pieces. Cut scallions into tiny pieces.
• Grind shallots and garlic.
• Heat pan with butter. Put in shallots and garlic.
• In a couple of minutes, put in chicken
• Stir a little bit, and put in carrots, scallions
• Mix evenly.
• Add salt and pepper to taste, add sweet soy-sauce.
• Cook until chicken is done.
• Put 1 spoon of the result above into each square.
• Wrap it.
• Dip it in the 1/2 egg left, pour flour.
• Heat oil in a pan.
• Deep fry the risoles on medium heat until golden brown.
• Serve with hot chili pepper.

http://allrecipes.com/Recipe/Chicken-Tortilla-Soup-II/Detail.aspx

 

How to Make Orange Tea

Ingredients: 1 orange, sweet tea, soda drink (use uncoloured soda), and ice.

Utensils: Jug, knife, spoon, and drinking glass.

Method:

1. Cut the orange into circle shapes, try to cut it thinly.

2. Put the cut orange and ice into jug.

3. Pour the soda drink into the jug.

4. Add the already prepared sweet tea.

5. Stir the ingredients in the jug well.

6. After pouring the orange tea in a glass, you can decorate the brim of the glass with left over orange pieces.

PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure Text

Goal

To explain how to do or to make something

Generic structure

Aim

Materials( ingridients, equipment )

Steps

Language features

action verbs

nouns, noun phrase

imperative sentense

Having a kite flying is interesting and make it by self is easy. Prepare the following materials to make a kite:

Butcher cord

Scotch tape or glue

1 Sheet of strong paper

2 Strong, straight wooden sticks of bamboo

Markers, paint or crayons

After the materials have been prepared, the directions bellow is easy instruction on how to make a kite:

1. Make a cross with the two sticks, with the shorter stick placed horizontally across the longer stick.

2. Tie the two sticks together with the string in such a way as to make sure that they are at right angles to each other.

3. Cut a notch at each end of the sticks. Make it deep enough for the type of string you are using to fit in to. Cut a piece of string long enough to stretch all around the kite frame.

4. Lay the sail material flat and place the stick frame face down on top. Cut around it, leaving about 2-3cm for a margin. Fold these edges over and glue it down so that the material is tight.

5. Make a tail by tying a small ribbon roughly every 10cm along the length of string.

6. Decorate your kite with the markers!

Making coloured and scented candles is really quick and simple. What's more, you'll save so much money. If making candle is easy, why do you ever bought one from a shop? What you need in making candle are wax, moulds, wick, dye discs, essential oils, and a double boiler. All these materials are available from craft shops. Or if you do not want to buy them, you can improvise with an old saucepan, pyrex jug, or even a sturdy can, in a pot of water. After providing the materials, follow this procedure or instruction in making candles!

First of all, melt the wax. All wax has a flash point, so to prevent it bursting into flames, you must melt it in a double boiler, with water in the bottom pan.

Then, prepare the mould with the wick. Thread the wick through the mould and make sure that you leave a good few centimetres sticking out of the hole in the bottom.

After that, add the scent. If you want a scented candle, add a few drops of essential oil to the melted wax. You can use any essential oil you like, as long as it doesn't contain water.

Next step, pour the wax into the mould. Try and tip the wax into the mould quickly, all in one go, to minimise spillage and air bubbles.

Then, release the bubbles and top it up. Releasing the air bubbles will eventually make the candle sink, so you will need to top it up with more melted wax.

Finally, remove it from the mould. After four or five hours, the candle can be taken out of its mould.

Your candle is now ready for display. Remember, you must always leave it for a day before lighting it.

Source: www.channel4.com/4homes/design-style/how-to-guides/how-to-make-candles-

BROKUS WAFEL

You will need:

1. - 150 gram flour (segitiga biru)

- 50 gram chocolate powder

- 1 tea spoon Baking powder

- 5 eggs

2. - 100 gram sugar powder

- 150 ml fresh milk

- 50 gram butter cream

- 100 gram margarine

- 100 ml condense milk

Steps:

1. Put in sugar powder, fresh milk, butter cream, margarine, and condense milk in the wok. Cook it (heat it, don’t wait until it boiled)

2. Pour it a little into a bowl , add chocolate powder.Pour the rest of the mixed milk, stir it, and cool it.

3. Add the eggs one by one, stir it continuously with ballon

whisk until it mixed

4. Add flour and baking powder, stir it slowly

5. Pour it in the wafel mould then steam until it cooked (20 minutes)

6. It ready to serve

You may call it ‘recipe’. Recipe is one of the example of procedure text. On the text you will find the social function, the generics structure of the text, and also the gramma

Here is the Generic Structure of Procedure text

1. Social Function:

• To explain how something is accomplished through sequences of steps

2. Generic Structure:

a. Goal: The objective of the text

b. Material: The things needed to make the goal (not all of text procedure)

c. Steps : 1 – N (steps to achieve the goal)

From the example above we can see the generic structure is as follows:

- The goal of the text is BROKUS WAFEL or how to make brokus wafel

- the material of the text is 1. - 150 gram flour (segitiga biru)

- 50 gram chocolate powder

- 1 tea spoon Baking powder

- 5 eggs

2. - 100 gram sugar powder

- 150 ml fresh milk

- 50 gram butter cream

- 100 gram margarine

- 100 ml condense milk

The steps are

1. Put in sugar powder, fresh milk, butter cream, margarine, and condense milk in the wok. Cook it (heat it, don’t wait until it boiled)

2. Pour it a little into a bowl , add chocolate powder.Pour the rest of the mixed milk, stir it, and cool it.

3. Add the eggs one by one, stir it continuously with ballon

whisk until it mixed

4. Add flour and baking powder, stir it slowly

5. Pour it in the wafel mould then steam until it cooked (20 minutes)

6. It ready to serve

OK THAT’S THE EXPLANATION NOW, FIND THE ANSWER FROM THE QUIZZ BELOW

Read the text and answer the following questions!

Almond Chocolate Candies

Things you need:

1 bar dark cooking chocolate

I pack almond

Steps:

1. Melt the dark cooking chocolate

2. Pour the chocolate into a mould (ice mould will be ok)

3. Add the almond

4. Put the chocolate inside the freezer. Wait until it freez.

5. Take the chocolate out of the mould

6. Pack it with decorative paper

7. It ready to serveZ

Questions

1. What kind of text is the text above?

2. What is the function of the text?

3. What is the generic structure of the text?

4. What is the goal of the text?

5. What is the material of the text?

6. What are the steps?

http://www.blogcatalog.com/blogs/lusiedulink/posts/tag/procedure+text/

ow to Make Lemonade

Ingredients:

For each glass use:

2 tablespoons of lemon juice.

2 tablespoons of sugar.

1 glass of water

Methods:

Slice a lemon in half and squeeze the juice into a cup.

Take out the seeds.

Pour two tablespoons of juice into glass.

Add sugar

Add water and stir well

Taste the lemonade. You may want to add more sugar or more lemon to make it taste just right

Put it in ice cubes. A drop of red food coloring will make pink lemonade

How to Make Peanut Crunch

What you’ll need:

1 cup of peanuts

3 cups of brown sugar

2 tablespoons of vinegar

1 cup of water

What to do:

Place the sugar, water and vinegar into a large saucepan.

Stir slowly over a low heat until the sugar is disolved.

Add peanuts, increase the heat and allow to boil.

Remove from the heat when the nuts have craked and the mixture appears golden brown.

Allow bubbles to settle.

Spoon into small paper patty cases or pour the mixture into a flat greased pan and mark into bite-size pieces.

Makes enough Peanut Crunch for six people.

http://smpn3bekasi.edu2000.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=205&Itemid=32

How to Make Fried Rice

MATERIALS:

2 green onions, finely chopped

2 large eggs

1 teaspoon salt

Pepper to taste

3 tablespoons oil for stir-frying, or as needed

4 cups previously cooked rice, at least 1 day old

1 – 2 tablespoons light soy sauce or oyster sauce as desired (see Add the Seasonings for more suggestions)

Basic Fried Rice Ingredients

2 green onions, finely chopped

2 large eggs

1 teaspoon salt

Pepper to taste

3 tablespoons oil for stir-frying, or as needed

4 cups previously cooked rice, at least 1 day old

1 – 2 tablespoons light soy sauce or oyster sauce as desired (see Add the Seasonings for more suggestions)

STEP:

Prepare the rice

Beat the Eggs

Scramble the Eggs

Cook the Rice

Add the Seasonings

Putting it all Together

Serve the Fried Rice

http://mohammadwafil.blogspot.com/2009/06/contoh-procedure-text.html

Avril Lavigne - My Happy Ending Lyrics

So much for my happy ending

Oh oh, oh oh, oh oh...

Let's talk this over

It's not like we're dead

Was it something I did?

Was it something You said?

Don't leave me hanging

In a city so dead

Held up up so high

On such a breakable thread

You were all the things I thought I knew

And I thought we could be

[Chorus:]

You were everything, everything that I wanted

We were meant to be, supposed to be, but we lost it

And all the memories, so close to me, just fade away

All this time you were pretending

So much for my happy ending

Oh oh, oh oh, oh oh...

You've got your dumb friends

I know what they say

They tell you I'm difficult

But so are they

But they don't know me

Do they even know you?

All the things you hide from me

All the shit that you do

You were all the things I thought I knew

And I thought we could be

[Chorus]

It's nice to know you were there

Thanks for acting like you cared

And making me feel like I was the only one

It's nice to know we had it all

Thanks for watching as I fall

And letting me know we were done

[Chorus x2]

Oh oh, oh oh, oh oh...

Turkish Rice Pudding

Materials :

* 40 grams of rice

* 300 ml water

* 375 ml of liquid milk

* 125 ml cream

* 125 grams of granulated sugar

* Vanilla powder 1 / 2 teaspoon

* Flour 1.5 tablespoons cornstarch, dissolved in 3       tablespoons of liquid milk

* Salt to taste

* Powder cinnamon to taste

Direction:

1. Combine water and rice, cook over low heat while stirring occasionally until the water shrinks approximately 25 minutes. Lift.

2. Beat in sugar, sand, vanilla and salt. Pour  liquid milk and cream, stirring until blended.

3. Pour the cornstarch solution, a little, stirring constantly until boiling and cooked. Remove and let the steam heat is lost.

4. Pour into serving glasses,Put in the  refrigerator.

5. Serve with cinnamon powder.

Gedang Mekuah:

Material:

* 500 grams of raw papaya, cut into 1 x 2 x 3 cm

* 200 grams of fatty meat, boiled and diced

* 750 ml beef broth

* 2 bay leaves

* 2 lime leaves

* 2 stalks lemongrass

* Fried onions for topping

Subtle seasoning:

* 3 fruit chili sauce

* 5 fruit chili sauce

* 1 teaspoon chopped kencur

* 1 tbsp chopped galangal

* Chopped 1 teaspoon turmeric

* 1/2 tsp pepper round

* 1 tsp coriander, toasted

* 3 fruit pecans, toasted

* 1/2 tsp shrimp paste

* 1/2 tsp acid

* 6 pieces of red onion

* 3 cloves garlic

* Salt and sugar according to taste

Direction:

1. With 3 tablespoons oil, saute the subtle spices,  bay leaves, lemon grass and lime leaves until  fragrant.

2. Enter the papaya slices and meat, stir until  wilted, pour broth.

3. Cook over low heat until completely cooked.

4. Sprinkle the fried onions served at the time.

a.       HOW TO MAKE BROKUS WAFEL

You will need:

1.   150 gram flour (segitiga biru)

50 gram chocolate powder

1 tea spoon Baking powder

5 eggs

2.   100 gram sugar powder

150 ml fresh milk

50 gram butter cream

100 gram margarine

100 ml condense milk

Steps:

1.   Put in sugar powder, fresh milk, butter cream, margarine, and condense milk in the wok. Cook it (heats it, don’t wait until it boiled).

2.   Pour it a little into a bowl , add chocolate powder. Pour the rest of the mixed milk, stir it, and cool it.

3.   Add the eggs one by one, stir it continuously with ballon. Whisk until it mixed.

4.   Add flour and baking powder, stir it slowly.

5.   Pour it in the wafel mould then steam until it cooked (20 minutes).

6.   It ready to serve.

v  From the example above we can see the generic structure is as follows :

a)      Social function : To explain how something is a accomplished through sequence of steps.

b)      Generic structure

1.   Goal            : The objective of the text.

Ø  The goal of the text is BROKUS WAFEL or how to make brokus wafel.

2.   Material      : The things needed to make the goal.

Ø  The material of the text is :

o   150 gram flour (segitiga biru)

50 gram chocolate powder

1 tea spoon Baking powder

5 eggs

o   100 gram sugar powder

150 ml fresh milk

50 gram butter cream

100 gram margarine

100 ml condense milk

3.   Step                        : 1-N (step to achieve the goal).

Ø  The steps are :

·         Put in sugar powder, fresh milk, butter cream, margarine, and condense milk in the wok. Cook it (heats it, don’t wait until it boiled).

·         Pour it a little into a bowl , add chocolate powder. Pour the rest of the mixed milk, stir it, and cool it.

·         Add the eggs one by one, stir it continuously with ballon. Whisk it until mixed.

·         Add flour and baking powder, stir it slowly.

·         Pour it in the wafel mould then steam until it cooked (20 minutes).

·         It ready to serve.

4.   Language

Ø  Present, action verbs, nouns, noun phrase.

Ø  Time maker       :

Ø  Imperative        : Put…, cook…, pour…, add…, mix…, stir…, cool…, whisk….

 Source : http://www.blogcatalog.com

b.      HOW TO MAKE KITE

Having a kite flying is interesting and make it by self is easy. Prepare the following materials to make a kite :

1.      Butcher cord

2.      Scotch tape or glue

3.      1 Sheet of strong paper

4.      2 Strong, straight wooden sticks of bamboo

5.      Markers, paint or crayons

After the materials have been prepared, the directions bellow is easy instruction on how to make a kite :

1.      Make a cross with the two sticks, with the shorter stick placed horizontally across the longer stick.

2.      Tie the two sticks together with the string in such a way as to make sure that they are at right angles to each other.

3.      Cut a notch at each end of the sticks. Make it deep enough for the type of string you are using to fit in to. Cut a piece of string long enough to stretch all around the kite frame.

4.      Lay the sail material flat and place the stick frame face down on top. Cut around it, leaving about 2-3cm for a margin. Fold these edges over and glue it down so that the material is tight.

5.      Make a tail by tying a small ribbon roughly every 10cm along the length of string.

6.      Decorate your kite with the markers!

v  From the example above we can see the generic structure is as follows :

a)      Social function : To explain how something is a accomplished through sequence of steps.

b)      Generic structure

1.   Goal            : The objective of the text.

Ø  The goal of the text is KITE or how to make kite.

2.   Material      : The things needed to make the goal.

Ø  The material of the text is :

·      Butcher cord

·      Scotch tape or glue

·      1 Sheet of strong paper

·      2 Strong, straight wooden sticks of bamboo

·      Markers, paint or crayons

3.   Step                        : 1-N (step to achieve the goal).

Ø  The steps are :

·      Make a cross with the two sticks, with the shorter stick placed horizontally across the longer stick.

·      Tie the two sticks together with the string in such a way as to make sure that they are at right angles to each other.

·      Cut a notch at each end of the sticks. Make it deep enough for the type of string you are using to fit in to. Cut a piece of string long enough to stretch all around the kite frame.

·      Lay the sail material flat and place the stick frame face down on top. Cut around it, leaving about 2-3cm for a margin. Fold these edges over and glue it down so that the material is tight.

·      Make a tail by tying a small ribbon roughly every 10cm along the length of string.

·      Decorate your kite with the markers!

4.   Language

Ø  Present, action verbs, nouns, noun phrase.

Ø  Time maker       :

Ø  Imperative        : make…, tie…, cut…, lay…, fold…, make…, decorate….

Source: www.channel4.com

c.       COLORED CANDLE

Making colored and scented candles is really quick and simple. What's more, you'll save so much money. If making candle is easy, why do you ever bought one from a shop? What you need in making candle are wax, moulds, wick, dye discs, essential oils, and a double boiler. All these materials are available from craft shops. Or if you do not want to buy them, you can improvise with an old saucepan, Pyrex jug, or even a sturdy can, in a pot of water. After providing the materials, follow this procedure or instruction in making candles!

Ø  First of all, melt the wax. All wax has a flash point, so to prevent it bursting into flames, you must melt it in a double boiler, with water in the bottom pan.

Ø  Then, prepare the mould with the wick. Thread the wick through the mould and make sure that you leave a good few centimeters sticking out of the hole in the bottom.

Ø  After that, add the scent. If you want a scented candle, add a few drops of essential oil to the melted wax. You can use any essential oil you like, as long as it doesn't contain water.

Ø  Next step, pour the wax into the mould. Try and tip the wax into the mould quickly, all in one go, to minimize spillage and air bubbles.

Ø  Then, release the bubbles and top it up. Releasing the air bubbles will eventually make the candle sink, so you will need to top it up with more melted wax.

Ø  Finally, remove it from the mould. After four or five hours, the candle can be taken out of its mould.

Your candle is now ready for display. Remember, you must always leave it for a day before lighting it.

v  From the example above we can see the generic structure is as follows :

a)      Social function : To explain how something is a accomplished through sequence of steps.

b)      Generic structure

1.   Goal            : The objective of the text.

Ø  The goal of the text is COLORED CANDLE or how to make colored candle.

2.   Material      : The things needed to make the goal.

Ø  The material of the text is :

·      wax, moulds, wick, dye discs, essential oils, and a double boiler. Can also,

·      an old saucepan, Pyrex jug, or even a sturdy can, in a pot of water.

3.   Step                        : 1-N (step to achieve the goal).

Ø  The steps are :

·         First of all, melt the wax. All wax has a flash point, so to prevent it bursting into flames, you must melt it in a double boiler, with water in the bottom pan.

·         Then, prepare the mould with the wick. Thread the wick through the mould and make sure that you leave a good few centimeters sticking out of the hole in the bottom.

·         After that, add the scent. If you want a scented candle, add a few drops of essential oil to the melted wax. You can use any essential oil you like, as long as it doesn't contain water.

·         Next step, pour the wax into the mould. Try and tip the wax into the mould quickly, all in one go, to minimize spillage and air bubbles.

·         Then, release the bubbles and top it up. Releasing the air bubbles will eventually make the candle sink, so you will need to top it up with more melted wax.

·         Finally, remove it from the mould. After four or five hours, the candle can be taken out of its mould.

4.   Language

Ø  Present, action verbs, nouns, noun phrase.

Ø  Time maker       : First of all, then, after that, next step, finally.

Ø  Imperative        : melt…, prepare…, add…, pour…, release…, remove….

Source: www.channel4.com

d.      PEANUT CRUNCH

                         

What you’ll need:

§  1 cup of peanuts

§  3 cups of brown sugar

§  2 tablespoons of vinegar

§  1 cup of water

What to do:

§  Place the sugar, water and vinegar into a large saucepan.

§  Stir slowly over a low heat until the sugar is disolved.

§  Add peanuts, increase the heat and allow to boil.

§  Remove from the heat when the nuts have craked and the mixture appears golden brown.

§  Allow bubbles to settle.

§  Spoon into small paper patty cases or pour the mixture into a flat greased pan and mark into bite-size pieces.

Makes enough Peanut Crunch for six people.

v  From the example above we can see the generic structure is as follows :

a)      Social function : To explain how something is a accomplished through sequence of steps.

b)      Generic structure

1.   Goal            : The objective of the text.

Ø  The goal of the text is PEANUT CRUNCH or how to make peanut crunch.

2.   Material      : The things needed to make the goal.

Ø  The material of the text is :

·      1 cup of peanuts

·      3 cups of brown sugar

·      2 tablespoons of vinegar

·      1 cup of water

3.   Step                        : 1-N (step to achieve the goal).

Ø  The steps are :

·      Place the sugar, water and vinegar into a large saucepan.

·      Stir slowly over a low heat until the sugar is disolved.

·      Add peanuts, increase the heat and allow to boil.

·      Remove from the heat when the nuts have craked and the mixture appears golden brown.

·      Allow bubbles to settle.

·      Spoon into small paper patty cases or pour the mixture into a flat greased pan and mark into bite-size pieces.

4.   Language

Ø  Present, action verbs, nouns, noun phrase.

Ø  Time maker     :

Ø  Imperative       : place…, stir…, add…, remove…, allow….

Source : http://smpn3bekasi.edu2000.org/

e.       HOW TO WASH A CAR

As a good driver, we have to know, How to wash a car.

·      First, The materials needed are a sachet of car shampoo, a sponge/a sheet of cloth, plas chamois, and water.

·      Then, prepared water, moisten the body of car. Make sure that all of the body became moist.

·      Next, a sachet of car shampoo is poured into 2-3 liter of pure water. Then, the mixture is stirred up by using a hand.

·      After that, the car is cleaned up by using a sponge with the mixture of shampoo and pure water. Next, the body is rinsed off by water, till it is clean.

·      Finally, dried up the body by using a plas chamois. When the body looks shine, the car is ready to be used. I t is easy, isn’t it??

v  From the example above we can see the generic structure is as follows :

a)      Social function : To explain how something is a accomplished through sequence of steps.

b)      Generic structure

1.   Goal            : The objective of the text.

Ø      The goal of the text is

2.   Material      : The things needed to make the goal.

Ø      The material of the text is :

·         a sachet of car shampoo, a sponge/a sheet of cloth, plas chamois, and water.

3.   Step                        : 1-N (step to achieve the goal).

Ø      The steps are :

·      First, The materials needed are a sachet of car shampoo, a sponge/a sheet of cloth, plas chamois, and water.

·      Then, prepared water, moisten the body of car. Make sure that all of the body became moist.

·      Next, a sachet of car shampoo is poured into 2-3 liter of pure water. Then, the mixture is stirred up by using a hand.

·      After that, the car is cleaned up by using a sponge with the mixture of shampoo and pure water. Next, the body is rinsed off by water, till it is clean.

·      Finally, dried up the body by using a plas chamois. When the body looks shine, the car is ready to be used.

4.   Language

Ø  Present, action verbs, nouns, noun phrase.

Ø  Time maker       : first, then, next, after that, finally.

Ø  Imperative        : prepared…,

Read More